可让出错误

可让出错误是特殊类型的错误，可以在使用 Effect.gen 的生成器函数中直接让出。这些错误允许您直观地处理它们，而无需显式调用 Effect.fail。这简化了您在代码中管理自定义错误的方式。

Data.Error

Data.Error 构造器提供了一种为可让出错误定义基类的方法。

示例（创建和让出自定义错误）

1
import { 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect, 
import Data
Data } from "effect"
2

3
// 定义一个扩展 Data.Error 的自定义错误类
4
class 
class MyError
MyError extends 
import Data
Data.
const Error: new <A extends Record<string, any> = {}>(args: Equals<A, {}> extends true ? void : { readonly [P in keyof A]: A[P]; }) => YieldableError & Readonly<A>
Provides a constructor for a Case Class.
@since ― 2.0.0
Error<{ 
message: string
message: string }> {}
5

6
export const 
const program: Effect.Effect<void, MyError, never>
program = 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const gen: <YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, MyError, never>>, void>(f: (resume: Effect.Adapter) => Generator<YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, MyError, never>>, void, never>) => Effect.Effect<void, MyError, never> (+1 overload)
Provides a way to write effectful code using generator functions, simplifying
control flow and error handling.
When to Use
Effect.gen allows you to write code that looks and behaves like synchronous
code, but it can handle asynchronous tasks, errors, and complex control flow
(like loops and conditions). It helps make asynchronous code more readable
and easier to manage.
The generator functions work similarly to async/await but with more
explicit control over the execution of effects. You can yield* values from
effects and return the final result at the end.
Example
import { Effect } from "effect"

const addServiceCharge = (amount: number) => amount + 1

const applyDiscount = (
  total: number,
  discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
  discountRate === 0
    ? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
    : Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)

const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))

const fetchDiscountRate = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(5))

export const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const transactionAmount = yield* fetchTransactionAmount
  const discountRate = yield* fetchDiscountRate
  const discountedAmount = yield* applyDiscount(
    transactionAmount,
    discountRate
  )
  const finalAmount = addServiceCharge(discountedAmount)
  return `Final amount to charge: ${finalAmount}`
})
@since ― 2.0.0
gen(function* () {
7
  // 让出一个自定义错误（等同于使用 MyError 失败）
8
  yield* new 
constructor MyError<{
    message: string;
}>(args: {
    readonly message: string;
}): MyError
Provides a constructor for a Case Class.
@since ― 2.0.0
MyError({ 
message: string
message: "Oh no!" })
9
})
10

11
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const runPromiseExit: <void, MyError>(effect: Effect.Effect<void, MyError, never>, options?: {
    readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
} | undefined) => Promise<Exit<void, MyError>>
Runs an effect and returns a Promise that resolves to an Exit,
representing the outcome.
Details
This function executes an effect and resolves to an Exit object. The Exit
type provides detailed information about the result of the effect:

If the effect succeeds, the Exit will be of type Success and include
the value produced by the effect.
If the effect fails, the Exit will be of type Failure and contain a
Cause object, detailing the failure.

Using this function allows you to examine both successful results and failure
cases in a unified way, while still leveraging Promise for handling the
asynchronous behavior of the effect.
When to Use
Use this function when you need to understand the outcome of an effect,
whether it succeeded or failed, and want to work with this result using
Promise syntax. This is particularly useful when integrating with systems
that rely on promises but need more detailed error handling than a simple
rejection.
Example (Handling Results as Exit)
import { Effect } from "effect"

// Execute a successful effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
//   _id: "Exit",
//   _tag: "Success",
//   value: 1
// }

// Execute a failing effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.fail("my error")).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
//   _id: "Exit",
//   _tag: "Failure",
//   cause: {
//     _id: "Cause",
//     _tag: "Fail",
//     failure: "my error"
//   }
// }
@since ― 2.0.0
runPromiseExit(
const program: Effect.Effect<void, MyError, never>
program).
Promise<Exit<void, MyError>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Exit<void, MyError>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>
Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.
@param ― onfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.
@param ― onrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.
@returns ― A Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.
then(
var console: Console
The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the
JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.
The module exports two specific components:

A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and
process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently
synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently
asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for
more information.
Example using the global console:
console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
//   Error: Whoops, something bad happened
//     at [eval]:5:15
//     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
//     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
//     at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
//     at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
//     at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
//     at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3

const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr
Example using the Console class:
const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);

myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err

const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err
@see ― source
console.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void
Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the
first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution
values similar to printf(3)
(the arguments are all passed to util.format()).
const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
See util.format() for more information.
@since ― v0.1.100
log)
12
/*
13
Output:
14
{
15
  _id: 'Exit',
16
  _tag: 'Failure',
17
  cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: { message: 'Oh no!' } }
18
}
19
*/

Data.TaggedError

Data.TaggedError 构造器让您定义具有唯一标签的自定义可让出错误。每个错误都有一个 _tag 属性，允许您轻松区分不同的错误类型。这使得使用 Effect.catchTag 或 Effect.catchTags 等函数处理特定标记错误变得方便。

示例（处理多个标记错误）

1
import { 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect, 
import Data
Data, 
import Random
Random } from "effect"
2

3
// 一个带有 _tag: "Foo" 的错误
4
class 
class FooError
FooError extends 
import Data
Data.
const TaggedError: <"Foo">(tag: "Foo") => new <A>(args: Equals<A, {}> extends true ? void : { readonly [P in keyof A as P extends "_tag" ? never : P]: A[P]; }) => YieldableError & {
    readonly _tag: "Foo";
} & Readonly<A>@since ― 2.0.0
TaggedError("Foo")<{
5
  
message: string
message: string
6
}> {}
7

8
// 一个带有 _tag: "Bar" 的错误
9
class 
class BarError
BarError extends 
import Data
Data.
const TaggedError: <"Bar">(tag: "Bar") => new <A>(args: Equals<A, {}> extends true ? void : { readonly [P in keyof A as P extends "_tag" ? never : P]: A[P]; }) => YieldableError & {
    readonly _tag: "Bar";
} & Readonly<A>@since ― 2.0.0
TaggedError("Bar")<{
10
  
randomNumber: number
randomNumber: number
11
}> {}
12

13
const 
const program: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
program = 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const gen: <YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>> | YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, FooError, never>> | YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, BarError, never>>, string>(f: (resume: Effect.Adapter) => Generator<YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>> | YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, FooError, never>> | YieldWrap<Effect.Effect<never, BarError, never>>, string, never>) => Effect.Effect<...> (+1 overload)
Provides a way to write effectful code using generator functions, simplifying
control flow and error handling.
When to Use
Effect.gen allows you to write code that looks and behaves like synchronous
code, but it can handle asynchronous tasks, errors, and complex control flow
(like loops and conditions). It helps make asynchronous code more readable
and easier to manage.
The generator functions work similarly to async/await but with more
explicit control over the execution of effects. You can yield* values from
effects and return the final result at the end.
Example
import { Effect } from "effect"

const addServiceCharge = (amount: number) => amount + 1

const applyDiscount = (
  total: number,
  discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
  discountRate === 0
    ? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
    : Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)

const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))

const fetchDiscountRate = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(5))

export const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const transactionAmount = yield* fetchTransactionAmount
  const discountRate = yield* fetchDiscountRate
  const discountedAmount = yield* applyDiscount(
    transactionAmount,
    discountRate
  )
  const finalAmount = addServiceCharge(discountedAmount)
  return `Final amount to charge: ${finalAmount}`
})
@since ― 2.0.0
gen(function* () {
14
  const 
const n: number
n = yield* 
import Random
Random.
const next: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
Returns the next numeric value from the pseudo-random number generator.
@since ― 2.0.0
next
15
  return 
const n: number
n > 0.5
16
    ? "yay!"
17
    : 
const n: number
n < 0.2
18
    ? yield* new 
constructor FooError<{
    message: string;
}>(args: {
    readonly message: string;
}): FooError
FooError({ 
message: string
message: "Oh no!" })
19
    : yield* new 
constructor BarError<{
    randomNumber: number;
}>(args: {
    readonly randomNumber: number;
}): BarError
BarError({ 
randomNumber: number
randomNumber: 
const n: number
n })
20
}).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, FooError | BarError, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, FooError | BarError, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, FooError | BarError, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe(
21
  // 使用 catchTags 处理不同的标记错误
22
  
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const catchTags: <FooError | BarError, {
    Foo: (error: FooError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
    Bar: (error: BarError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}>(cases: {
    Foo: (error: FooError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
    Bar: (error: BarError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}) => <A, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, FooError | BarError, R>) => Effect.Effect<string | A, never, R> (+1 overload)
Handles multiple errors in a single block of code using their _tag field.
When to Use
catchTags is a convenient way to handle multiple error types at
once. Instead of using
catchTag
multiple times, you can pass an
object where each key is an error type's _tag, and the value is the handler
for that specific error. This allows you to catch and recover from multiple
error types in a single call.
The error type must have a readonly _tag field to use catchTag. This
field is used to identify and match errors.
Example (Handling Multiple Tagged Error Types at Once)
import { Effect, Random } from "effect"

class HttpError {
  readonly _tag = "HttpError"
}

class ValidationError {
  readonly _tag = "ValidationError"
}

//      ┌─── Effect<string, HttpError | ValidationError, never>
//      ▼
const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const n1 = yield* Random.next
  const n2 = yield* Random.next
  if (n1 < 0.5) {
    yield* Effect.fail(new HttpError())
  }
  if (n2 < 0.5) {
    yield* Effect.fail(new ValidationError())
  }
  return "some result"
})

//      ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
//      ▼
const recovered = program.pipe(
  Effect.catchTags({
    HttpError: (_HttpError) =>
      Effect.succeed(`Recovering from HttpError`),
    ValidationError: (_ValidationError) =>
      Effect.succeed(`Recovering from ValidationError`)
  })
)
@since ― 2.0.0
catchTags({
23
    
type Foo: (error: FooError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
Foo: (
error: FooError
error) => 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.
When to Use
Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a
specific value without any errors or external dependencies.
Example (Creating a Successful Effect)
import { Effect } from "effect"

// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
//      ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
//      ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)
@see ― fail to create an effect that represents a failure.
@since ― 2.0.0
succeed(`Foo error: ${
error: FooError
error.
Error.message: string
message}`),
24
    
type Bar: (error: BarError) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
Bar: (
error: BarError
error) => 
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.
When to Use
Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a
specific value without any errors or external dependencies.
Example (Creating a Successful Effect)
import { Effect } from "effect"

// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
//      ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
//      ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)
@see ― fail to create an effect that represents a failure.
@since ― 2.0.0
succeed(`Bar error: ${
error: BarError
error.
randomNumber: number
randomNumber}`)
25
  })
26
)
27

28
import Effect@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
@since ― 2.0.0
Effect.
const runPromise: <string, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, options?: {
    readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<string>
Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.
Details
This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the
effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If
the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the
failure details of the effect.
The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for
cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.
When to Use
Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result
in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party
libraries that expect Promise results.
Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)
import { Effect } from "effect"

Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1
Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)
import { Effect } from "effect"

Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error
@see ― runPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead
of rejecting.
@since ― 2.0.0
runPromise(
const program: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
program).
Promise<string>.then<void, void>(onfulfilled?: ((value: string) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>
Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.
@param ― onfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.
@param ― onrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.
@returns ― A Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.
then(
var console: Console
The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the
JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.
The module exports two specific components:

A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and
process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently
synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently
asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for
more information.
Example using the global console:
console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
//   Error: Whoops, something bad happened
//     at [eval]:5:15
//     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
//     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
//     at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
//     at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
//     at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
//     at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3

const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr
Example using the Console class:
const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);

myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err

const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err
@see ― source
console.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void
Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the
first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution
values similar to printf(3)
(the arguments are all passed to util.format()).
const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
See util.format() for more information.
@since ― v0.1.100
log, 
var console: Console
The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the
JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.
The module exports two specific components:

A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and
process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently
synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently
asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for
more information.
Example using the global console:
console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
//   Error: Whoops, something bad happened
//     at [eval]:5:15
//     at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
//     at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
//     at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
//     at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
//     at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
//     at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3

const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr
Example using the Console class:
const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);

myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err

const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err
@see ― source
console.
Console.error(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void
Prints to stderr with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the
first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution
values similar to printf(3)
(the arguments are all passed to util.format()).
const code = 5;
console.error('error #%d', code);
// Prints: error #5, to stderr
console.error('error', code);
// Prints: error 5, to stderr
If formatting elements (e.g. %d) are not found in the first string then
util.inspect() is called on each argument and the
resulting string values are concatenated. See util.format()
for more information.
@since ― v0.1.100
error)
29
/*
30
Example Output (n < 0.2):
31
Foo error: Oh no!
32
*/