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构建管道

Effect 管道允许对值进行操作的组合和排序,以简洁和模块化的方式实现数据的转换和操作。

管道是构建应用程序和以简洁模块化方式处理数据转换的绝佳方法。它们提供了几个好处:

  1. 可读性:管道允许您以可读和顺序的方式组合函数。您可以清楚地看到数据流和应用于数据的操作,使代码更容易理解和维护。

  2. 代码组织:使用管道,您可以将复杂操作分解为更小、可管理的函数。每个函数执行特定任务,使您的代码更加模块化,更容易推理。

  3. 可重用性:管道促进函数的重用。通过将操作分解为更小的函数,您可以在不同的管道或上下文中重用它们,提高代码重用性并减少重复。

  4. 类型安全:通过利用类型系统,管道有助于在编译时捕获错误。管道中的函数具有明确定义的输入和输出类型,确保数据正确流经管道并最小化运行时错误。

在 Effect 生态系统库中使用函数对于实现树摇优化和确保可扩展性非常重要。 函数通过消除未使用的代码实现高效打包,并提供灵活和模块化的方法来扩展库的功能。

树摇优化是指构建系统在打包过程中消除未使用代码的能力。函数是可树摇的,而方法则不是。

当在 Effect 生态系统中使用函数时,只有实际导入和在应用程序中使用的函数才会包含在最终打包的代码中。未使用的函数会自动移除,从而减小包大小并提高性能。

另一方面,方法附加到对象或原型上,它们不能轻易地被树摇。即使您只使用方法的子集,与对象或原型关联的所有方法都会包含在包中,导致不必要的代码膨胀。

在 Effect 生态系统中使用函数的另一个重要优势是易于扩展。使用方法时,扩展现有 API 的功能通常需要修改对象的原型,这可能很复杂且容易出错。

相比之下,使用函数扩展功能要简单得多。您可以将自己的”扩展方法”定义为普通函数,而无需修改对象的原型。这促进了更清洁和更模块化的代码,也允许与其他库和模块更好的兼容性。

pipe 函数是一个实用工具,允许我们以可读和顺序的方式组合函数。它将一个函数的输出作为管道中下一个函数的输入。这使我们能够通过链接多个函数来构建复杂的转换。

语法

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

在这个语法中,input 是初始值,func1func2、…、funcN 是要按顺序应用的函数。每个函数的结果成为下一个函数的输入,最终返回最终结果。

以下是 pipe 工作原理的图解:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

需要注意的是,传递给 pipe 的函数必须有单个参数,因为它们只会用单个参数调用。

让我们看一个例子来更好地理解 pipe 的工作原理:

示例(链接算术操作)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
} from "effect"
// 定义简单的算术操作
const
const increment: (x: number) => number
increment
= (
x: number
x
: number) =>
x: number
x
+ 1
const
const double: (x: number) => number
double
= (
x: number
x
: number) =>
x: number
x
* 2
const
const subtractTen: (x: number) => number
subtractTen
= (
x: number
x
: number) =>
x: number
x
- 10
// 使用 `pipe` 顺序应用这些操作
const
const result: number
result
=
pipe<5, number, number, number>(a: 5, ab: (a: 5) => number, bc: (b: number) => number, cd: (c: number) => number): number (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(5,
const increment: (x: number) => number
increment
,
const double: (x: number) => number
double
,
const subtractTen: (x: number) => number
subtractTen
)
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
(
const result: number
result
)
// 输出:2

在上面的例子中,我们从输入值 5 开始。increment 函数将初始值加 1,结果为 6。然后,double 函数将值翻倍,得到 12。最后,subtractTen 函数从 12 中减去 10,最终输出为 2

结果等同于 subtractTen(double(increment(5))),但使用 pipe 使代码更具可读性,因为操作是从左到右排序的,而不是从内到外嵌套。

通过对 effect 内部的值应用函数来转换它。

语法

const mappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.map(transformation))
// 或
const mappedEffect = Effect.map(myEffect, transformation)
// 或
const mappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.map(transformation))

Effect.map 接受一个函数并将其应用于 effect 中包含的值,创建一个具有转换值的新 effect。

示例(添加服务费)

这是一个实际例子,我们对交易金额应用服务费:

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 为交易金额添加小额服务费的函数
const
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
= (
amount: number
amount
: number) =>
amount: number
amount
+ 1
// 模拟从数据库获取交易金额的异步任务
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
// 对交易金额应用服务费
const
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
finalAmount
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const map: <number, number>(f: (a: number) => number) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+1 overload)

Transforms the value inside an effect by applying a function to it.

Syntax

const mappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.map(transformation))
// or
const mappedEffect = Effect.map(myEffect, transformation)
// or
const mappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.map(transformation))

Details

map takes a function and applies it to the value contained within an effect, creating a new effect with the transformed value.

It's important to note that effects are immutable, meaning that the original effect is not modified. Instead, a new effect is returned with the updated value.

Example (Adding a Service Charge)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
const addServiceCharge = (amount: number) => amount + 1
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map(addServiceCharge)
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output: 101

@seemapError for a version that operates on the error channel.

@seemapBoth for a version that operates on both channels.

@seeflatMap or andThen for a version that can return a new effect.

@since2.0.0

map
(
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
)
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
finalAmount
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
) // 输出:101

用常量值替换 effect 内部的值。

Effect.as 允许您忽略 effect 内部的原始值并用新的常量值替换它。

示例(替换值)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 将值 5 替换为常量 "new value"
const
const program: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
program
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(5),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const as: <string>(value: string) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+1 overload)

Replaces the value inside an effect with a constant value.

Details

This function allows you to ignore the original value inside an effect and replace it with a constant value.

When to Use

It is useful when you no longer need the value produced by an effect but want to ensure that the effect completes successfully with a specific constant result instead. For instance, you can replace the value produced by a computation with a predefined value, ignoring what was calculated before.

Example (Replacing a Value)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Replaces the value 5 with the constant "new value"
const program = pipe(Effect.succeed(5), Effect.as("new value"))
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
// Output: "new value"

@since2.0.0

as
("new value"))
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <string, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<string>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const program: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
program
).
Promise<string>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: string) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
) // 输出:"new value"

链接 effect 以产生新的 Effect 实例,对于组合依赖于先前结果的操作很有用。

语法

const flatMappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.flatMap(transformation))
// 或
const flatMappedEffect = Effect.flatMap(myEffect, transformation)
// 或
const flatMappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.flatMap(transformation))

在上面的代码中,transformation 是接受一个值并返回 Effect 的函数,myEffect 是被转换的初始 Effect

当您需要链接多个 effect 时使用 Effect.flatMap,确保每个步骤产生新的 Effect,同时扁平化可能发生的任何嵌套 effect。

它类似于数组使用的 flatMap,但专门与 Effect 实例一起工作,允许您避免深度嵌套的 effect 结构。

示例(应用折扣)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 安全地对交易金额应用折扣的函数
const
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
= (
total: number
total
: number,
discountRate: number
discountRate
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number,
interface Error
Error
> =>
discountRate: number
discountRate
=== 0
?
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <Error>(error: Error) => Effect.Effect<never, Error, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(new
var Error: ErrorConstructor
new (message?: string) => Error
Error
("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
total: number
total
- (
total: number
total
*
discountRate: number
discountRate
) / 100)
// 模拟从数据库获取交易金额的异步任务
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
// 使用 `flatMap` 链接获取和折扣应用
const
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
finalAmount
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>): Effect.Effect<number, Error, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const flatMap: <number, number, Error, never>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+1 overload)

Chains effects to produce new Effect instances, useful for combining operations that depend on previous results.

Syntax

const flatMappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.flatMap(transformation))
// or
const flatMappedEffect = Effect.flatMap(myEffect, transformation)
// or
const flatMappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.flatMap(transformation))

Details

flatMap lets you sequence effects so that the result of one effect can be used in the next step. It is similar to flatMap used with arrays but works specifically with Effect instances, allowing you to avoid deeply nested effect structures.

Since effects are immutable, flatMap always returns a new effect instead of changing the original one.

When to Use

Use flatMap when you need to chain multiple effects, ensuring that each step produces a new Effect while flattening any nested effects that may occur.

Example

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Chaining the fetch and discount application using `flatMap`
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output: 95

@seetap for a version that ignores the result of the effect.

@since2.0.0

flatMap
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
amount: number
amount
, 5))
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, Error>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
finalAmount
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
// 输出:95

确保 Effect.flatMap 中的所有 effect 都对最终计算有贡献。如果您忽略一个 effect,可能会导致意外行为:

Effect.flatMap((amount) => {
// 这个 effect 将被忽略
Effect.sync(() => console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`))
return applyDiscount(amount, 5)
})

在这种情况下,Effect.sync 调用被忽略,不会影响 applyDiscount(amount, 5) 的结果。要正确处理 effect,请确保使用 Effect.mapEffect.flatMapEffect.andThenEffect.tap 等函数显式链接它们。

链接两个动作,其中第二个动作可以依赖于第一个动作的结果。

语法

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// 或
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// 或
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

当您需要按顺序运行多个动作,第二个动作依赖于第一个动作的结果时,使用 andThen。这对于组合 effect 或处理必须按顺序发生的计算很有用。

第二个动作可以是:

  1. 一个值(类似于 Effect.as
  2. 返回值的函数(类似于 Effect.map
  3. 一个 Promise
  4. 返回 Promise 的函数
  5. 一个 Effect
  6. 返回 Effect 的函数(类似于 Effect.flatMap

示例(基于获取金额应用折扣)

让我们看一个比较 Effect.andThenEffect.mapEffect.flatMap 的例子:

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 安全地对交易金额应用折扣的函数
const
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
= (
total: number
total
: number,
discountRate: number
discountRate
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number,
interface Error
Error
> =>
discountRate: number
discountRate
=== 0
?
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <Error>(error: Error) => Effect.Effect<never, Error, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(new
var Error: ErrorConstructor
new (message?: string) => Error
Error
("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
total: number
total
- (
total: number
total
*
discountRate: number
discountRate
) / 100)
// 模拟从数据库获取交易金额的异步任务
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
// 使用 Effect.map 和 Effect.flatMap
const
const result1: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
result1
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, bc: (b: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>): Effect.Effect<number, Error, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const map: <number, number>(f: (a: number) => number) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+1 overload)

Transforms the value inside an effect by applying a function to it.

Syntax

const mappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.map(transformation))
// or
const mappedEffect = Effect.map(myEffect, transformation)
// or
const mappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.map(transformation))

Details

map takes a function and applies it to the value contained within an effect, creating a new effect with the transformed value.

It's important to note that effects are immutable, meaning that the original effect is not modified. Instead, a new effect is returned with the updated value.

Example (Adding a Service Charge)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
const addServiceCharge = (amount: number) => amount + 1
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map(addServiceCharge)
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output: 101

@seemapError for a version that operates on the error channel.

@seemapBoth for a version that operates on both channels.

@seeflatMap or andThen for a version that can return a new effect.

@since2.0.0

map
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
amount: number
amount
* 2),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const flatMap: <number, number, Error, never>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+1 overload)

Chains effects to produce new Effect instances, useful for combining operations that depend on previous results.

Syntax

const flatMappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.flatMap(transformation))
// or
const flatMappedEffect = Effect.flatMap(myEffect, transformation)
// or
const flatMappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.flatMap(transformation))

Details

flatMap lets you sequence effects so that the result of one effect can be used in the next step. It is similar to flatMap used with arrays but works specifically with Effect instances, allowing you to avoid deeply nested effect structures.

Since effects are immutable, flatMap always returns a new effect instead of changing the original one.

When to Use

Use flatMap when you need to chain multiple effects, ensuring that each step produces a new Effect while flattening any nested effects that may occur.

Example

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Chaining the fetch and discount application using `flatMap`
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output: 95

@seetap for a version that ignores the result of the effect.

@since2.0.0

flatMap
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
amount: number
amount
, 5))
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, Error>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result1: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
result1
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
) // 输出:190
// 使用 Effect.andThen
const
const result2: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
result2
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, bc: (b: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>): Effect.Effect<number, Error, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, number>(f: (a: number) => number) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
amount: number
amount
* 2),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
amount: number
amount
, 5))
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, Error>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result2: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
result2
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
) // 输出:190

OptionEither 都常用于处理可选值或缺失值或简单错误情况。这些类型与 Effect.andThen 很好地集成。当与 Effect.andThen 一起使用时,操作被归类为场景 5 和 6(如前所述),因为在这种情况下 OptionEither 都被视为 effect。

示例(使用 Option)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
} from "effect"
// 模拟从数据库获取数字的异步任务
const
const fetchNumberValue: Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never>
fetchNumberValue
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tryPromise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never> (+1 overload)

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation that might fail.

When to Use

In situations where you need to perform asynchronous operations that might fail, such as fetching data from an API, you can use the tryPromise constructor. This constructor is designed to handle operations that could throw exceptions by capturing those exceptions and transforming them into manageable errors.

Error Handling

There are two ways to handle errors with tryPromise:

  1. If you don't provide a catch function, the error is caught and the effect fails with an UnknownException.
  2. If you provide a catch function, the error is caught and the catch function maps it to an error of type E.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

Example (Fetching a TODO Item)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const getTodo = (id: number) =>
// Will catch any errors and propagate them as UnknownException
Effect.tryPromise(() =>
fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/${id}`)
)
// ┌─── Effect<Response, UnknownException, never>
// ▼
const program = getTodo(1)

Example (Custom Error Handling)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const getTodo = (id: number) =>
Effect.tryPromise({
try: () => fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/${id}`),
// remap the error
catch: (unknown) => new Error(`something went wrong ${unknown}`)
})
// ┌─── Effect<Response, Error, never>
// ▼
const program = getTodo(1)

@seepromise if the effectful computation is asynchronous and does not throw errors.

@since2.0.0

tryPromise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(42))
// ┌─── Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never>
// ▼
const
const program: Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never>
program
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never>, Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never>): Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchNumberValue: Effect.Effect<number, UnknownException, never>
fetchNumberValue
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, Option.None<number> | Option.Some<number>>(f: (a: number) => Option.None<number> | Option.Some<number>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, NoSuchElementException | E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
((
x: number
x
) => (
x: number
x
> 0 ?
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
const some: <number>(value: number) => Option.Option<number>

Wraps the given value into an Option to represent its presence.

Example (Creating an Option with a Value)

import { Option } from "effect"
// An Option holding the number 1
//
// ┌─── Option<number>
// ▼
const value = Option.some(1)
console.log(value)
// Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

@seenone for the opposite operation.

@since2.0.0

some
(
x: number
x
) :
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
const none: <never>() => Option.Option<never>

Represents the absence of a value by creating an empty Option.

Option.none returns an Option<never>, which is a subtype of Option<A>. This means you can use it in place of any Option<A> regardless of the type A.

Example (Creating an Option with No Value)

import { Option } from "effect"
// An Option holding no value
//
// ┌─── Option<never>
// ▼
const noValue = Option.none()
console.log(noValue)
// Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }

@seesome for the opposite operation.

@since2.0.0

none
()))
)

您可能期望 program 的类型是 Effect<Option<number>, UnknownException, never>,但实际上是 Effect<number, UnknownException | NoSuchElementException, never>

这是因为 Option<A> 被视为类型为 Effect<A, NoSuchElementException> 的 effect,因此可能的错误被合并为联合类型。

示例(使用 Either)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Either

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Either
} from "effect"
// 从字符串解析整数的函数,可能失败
const
const parseInteger: (input: string) => Either.Either<number, string>
parseInteger
= (
input: string
input
: string):
import Either

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Either
.
type Either<R, L = never> = Either.Left<L, R> | Either.Right<L, R>

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Either
<number, string> =>
function isNaN(number: number): boolean

Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether a value is the reserved value NaN (not a number).

@paramnumber A numeric value.

isNaN
(
function parseInt(string: string, radix?: number): number

Converts a string to an integer.

@paramstring A string to convert into a number.

@paramradix A value between 2 and 36 that specifies the base of the number in string. If this argument is not supplied, strings with a prefix of '0x' are considered hexadecimal. All other strings are considered decimal.

parseInt
(
input: string
input
))
?
import Either

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Either
.
const left: <string>(left: string) => Either.Either<never, string>

Constructs a new Either holding a Left value. This usually represents a failure, due to the right-bias of this structure.

@since2.0.0

left
("Invalid integer")
:
import Either

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Either
.
const right: <number>(right: number) => Either.Either<number, never>

Constructs a new Either holding a Right value. This usually represents a successful value due to the right bias of this structure.

@since2.0.0

right
(
function parseInt(string: string, radix?: number): number

Converts a string to an integer.

@paramstring A string to convert into a number.

@paramradix A value between 2 and 36 that specifies the base of the number in string. If this argument is not supplied, strings with a prefix of '0x' are considered hexadecimal. All other strings are considered decimal.

parseInt
(
input: string
input
))
// 模拟从数据库获取字符串的异步任务
const
const fetchStringValue: Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never>
fetchStringValue
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tryPromise: <string>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<string>) => Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never> (+1 overload)

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation that might fail.

When to Use

In situations where you need to perform asynchronous operations that might fail, such as fetching data from an API, you can use the tryPromise constructor. This constructor is designed to handle operations that could throw exceptions by capturing those exceptions and transforming them into manageable errors.

Error Handling

There are two ways to handle errors with tryPromise:

  1. If you don't provide a catch function, the error is caught and the effect fails with an UnknownException.
  2. If you provide a catch function, the error is caught and the catch function maps it to an error of type E.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

Example (Fetching a TODO Item)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const getTodo = (id: number) =>
// Will catch any errors and propagate them as UnknownException
Effect.tryPromise(() =>
fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/${id}`)
)
// ┌─── Effect<Response, UnknownException, never>
// ▼
const program = getTodo(1)

Example (Custom Error Handling)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const getTodo = (id: number) =>
Effect.tryPromise({
try: () => fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/${id}`),
// remap the error
catch: (unknown) => new Error(`something went wrong ${unknown}`)
})
// ┌─── Effect<Response, Error, never>
// ▼
const program = getTodo(1)

@seepromise if the effectful computation is asynchronous and does not throw errors.

@since2.0.0

tryPromise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<string>(value: string): Promise<string> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
("42"))
// ┌─── Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never>
// ▼
const
const program: Effect.Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never>
program
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never>, Effect.Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never>): Effect.Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchStringValue: Effect.Effect<string, UnknownException, never>
fetchStringValue
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <string, Either.Either<number, string>>(f: (a: string) => Either.Either<number, string>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, string | E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
((
str: string
str
) =>
const parseInteger: (input: string) => Either.Either<number, string>
parseInteger
(
str: string
str
))
)

虽然人们可能期望 program 的类型是 Effect<Either<number, string>, UnknownException, never>,但实际上是 Effect<number, string | UnknownException, never>

这是因为 Either<A, E> 被视为类型为 Effect<A, E> 的 effect,这意味着错误被合并为联合类型。

使用 effect 的结果运行副作用,而不改变原始值。

当您想要执行副作用(如日志记录或跟踪)而不修改主值时,使用 Effect.tap。当您需要观察或记录动作但希望原始值传递到下一步时,这很有用。

Effect.tap 的工作方式类似于 Effect.flatMap,但它忽略传递给它的函数的结果。来自前一个 effect 的值仍然可用于链的下一部分。请注意,如果副作用失败,整个链也会失败。

示例(在管道中记录步骤)

import {
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
// 安全地对交易金额应用折扣的函数
const
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
= (
total: number
total
: number,
discountRate: number
discountRate
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number,
interface Error
Error
> =>
discountRate: number
discountRate
=== 0
?
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <Error>(error: Error) => Effect.Effect<never, Error, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(new
var Error: ErrorConstructor
new (message?: string) => Error
Error
("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
total: number
total
- (
total: number
total
*
discountRate: number
discountRate
) / 100)
// 模拟从数据库获取交易金额的异步任务
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
const
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
finalAmount
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, bc: (b: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>): Effect.Effect<number, Error, never> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
// 记录获取的交易金额
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
(`Apply a discount to: ${
amount: number
amount
}`)),
// `amount` 仍然可用!
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const flatMap: <number, number, Error, never>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+1 overload)

Chains effects to produce new Effect instances, useful for combining operations that depend on previous results.

Syntax

const flatMappedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.flatMap(transformation))
// or
const flatMappedEffect = Effect.flatMap(myEffect, transformation)
// or
const flatMappedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.flatMap(transformation))

Details

flatMap lets you sequence effects so that the result of one effect can be used in the next step. It is similar to flatMap used with arrays but works specifically with Effect instances, allowing you to avoid deeply nested effect structures.

Since effects are immutable, flatMap always returns a new effect instead of changing the original one.

When to Use

Use flatMap when you need to chain multiple effects, ensuring that each step produces a new Effect while flattening any nested effects that may occur.

Example

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Chaining the fetch and discount application using `flatMap`
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output: 95

@seetap for a version that ignores the result of the effect.

@since2.0.0

flatMap
((
amount: number
amount
) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
amount: number
amount
, 5))
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, Error>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const finalAmount: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>
finalAmount
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Apply a discount to: 100
95
*/

在这个例子中,Effect.tap 用于在应用折扣之前记录交易金额,而不修改值本身。原始值(amount)仍然可用于下一个操作(applyDiscount)。

使用 Effect.tap 允许我们在计算过程中执行副作用而不改变结果。这对于日志记录、执行额外动作或观察中间值而不干扰主计算流程很有用。

将多个 effect 组合为一个,根据输入结构返回结果。

当您需要运行多个 effect 并将它们的结果组合为单个输出时,使用 Effect.all。它支持元组、可迭代对象、结构和记录,使其对不同的输入类型具有灵活性。

例如,如果输入是元组:

// ┌─── effect 的元组
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

effect 按顺序执行,结果是包含结果作为元组的新 effect。元组中的结果与传递给 Effect.all 的 effect 的顺序匹配。

默认情况下,Effect.all 顺序运行 effect 并产生包含结果的元组或对象。如果任何 effect 失败,它会停止执行(短路)并传播错误。

有关如何使用 Effect.all 的更多信息,请参阅收集

示例(组合配置和数据库检查)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 模拟从文件读取配置的函数
const
const webConfig: Effect.Effect<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, never, never>
webConfig
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}>) => Effect.Effect<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}>(value: {
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}): Promise<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
({
dbConnection: string
dbConnection
: "localhost",
port: number
port
: 8080 })
)
// 模拟测试数据库连接的函数
const
const checkDatabaseConnectivity: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
checkDatabaseConnectivity
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <string>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<string>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<string>(value: string): Promise<string> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
("Connected to Database")
)
// 组合两个 effect 以执行启动检查
const
const startupChecks: Effect.Effect<[{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string], never, never>
startupChecks
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <readonly [Effect.Effect<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>], NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: readonly [Effect.Effect<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, never, never>, Effect.Effect<...>], options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
([
const webConfig: Effect.Effect<{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, never, never>
webConfig
,
const checkDatabaseConnectivity: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
checkDatabaseConnectivity
])
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <[{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<[{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<[{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const startupChecks: Effect.Effect<[{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string], never, never>
startupChecks
).
Promise<[{ dbConnection: string; port: number; }, string]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: [{
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}, string]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(([
config: {
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}
config
,
dbStatus: string
dbStatus
]) => {
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
(
`Configuration: ${
var JSON: JSON

An intrinsic object that provides functions to convert JavaScript values to and from the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.

JSON
.
JSON.stringify(value: any, replacer?: (this: any, key: string, value: any) => any, space?: string | number): string (+1 overload)

Converts a JavaScript value to a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) string.

@paramvalue A JavaScript value, usually an object or array, to be converted.

@paramreplacer A function that transforms the results.

@paramspace Adds indentation, white space, and line break characters to the return-value JSON text to make it easier to read.

@throws{TypeError} If a circular reference or a BigInt value is found.

stringify
(
config: {
dbConnection: string;
port: number;
}
config
)}\nDB Status: ${
dbStatus: string
dbStatus
}`
)
})
/*
输出:
Configuration: {"dbConnection":"localhost","port":8080}
DB Status: Connected to Database
*/

现在让我们结合 pipe 函数、Effect.allEffect.andThen 来创建一个执行一系列转换的管道。

示例(构建交易管道)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
function pipe<A>(a: A): A (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
} from "effect"
// 为交易金额添加小额服务费的函数
const
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
= (
amount: number
amount
: number) =>
amount: number
amount
+ 1
// 安全地对交易金额应用折扣的函数
const
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
= (
total: number
total
: number,
discountRate: number
discountRate
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number,
interface Error
Error
> =>
discountRate: number
discountRate
=== 0
?
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <Error>(error: Error) => Effect.Effect<never, Error, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(new
var Error: ErrorConstructor
new (message?: string) => Error
Error
("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
total: number
total
- (
total: number
total
*
discountRate: number
discountRate
) / 100)
// 模拟从数据库获取交易金额的异步任务
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
// 模拟从配置文件获取折扣率的异步任务
const
const fetchDiscountRate: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchDiscountRate
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(5))
// 使用 effect 管道组装程序
const
const program: Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>
program
=
pipe<Effect.Effect<[number, number], never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>>(a: Effect.Effect<[number, number], never, never>, ab: (a: Effect.Effect<[number, number], never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, bc: (b: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, cd: (c: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => Effect.Effect<...>): Effect.Effect<...> (+19 overloads)

Pipes the value of an expression into a pipeline of functions.

Details

The pipe function is a utility that allows us to compose functions in a readable and sequential manner. It takes the output of one function and passes it as the input to the next function in the pipeline. This enables us to build complex transformations by chaining multiple functions together.

import { pipe } from "effect"
const result = pipe(input, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

In this syntax, input is the initial value, and func1, func2, ..., funcN are the functions to be applied in sequence. The result of each function becomes the input for the next function, and the final result is returned.

Here's an illustration of how pipe works:

┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌───────┐ ┌────────┐
│ input │───►│ func1 │───►│ func2 │───►│ ... │───►│ funcN │───►│ result │
└───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └────────┘

It's important to note that functions passed to pipe must have a single argument because they are only called with a single argument.

When to Use

This is useful in combination with data-last functions as a simulation of methods:

as.map(f).filter(g)

becomes:

import { pipe, Array } from "effect"
pipe(as, Array.map(f), Array.filter(g))

Example (Chaining Arithmetic Operations)

import { pipe } from "effect"
// Define simple arithmetic operations
const increment = (x: number) => x + 1
const double = (x: number) => x * 2
const subtractTen = (x: number) => x - 10
// Sequentially apply these operations using `pipe`
const result = pipe(5, increment, double, subtractTen)
console.log(result)
// Output: 2

@since2.0.0

pipe
(
// 组合两个获取 effect 以获得交易金额和折扣率
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>], NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>], options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
([
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
const fetchDiscountRate: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchDiscountRate
]),
// 对交易金额应用折扣
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <[number, number], Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(f: (a: [number, number]) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<[number, number], E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(([
transactionAmount: number
transactionAmount
,
discountRate: number
discountRate
]) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
transactionAmount: number
transactionAmount
,
discountRate: number
discountRate
)
),
// 向折扣金额添加服务费
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, number>(f: (a: number) => number) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
),
// 格式化最终结果以供显示
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, string>(f: (a: number) => string) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(
(
finalAmount: number
finalAmount
) => `Final amount to charge: ${
finalAmount: number
finalAmount
}`
)
)
// 执行程序并记录结果
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <string, Error>(effect: Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<string>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const program: Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>
program
).
Promise<string>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: string) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
// 输出:"Final amount to charge: 96"

这个管道演示了如何通过将不同的 effect 组合成清晰、可读的流程来构建代码。

Effect 提供了一个 pipe 方法,其工作方式类似于 rxjs 中的 pipe 方法。这个方法允许您将多个操作链接在一起,使您的代码更简洁和可读。

语法

const result = effect.pipe(func1, func2, ..., funcN)

这等同于使用 pipe 函数

const result = pipe(effect, func1, func2, ..., funcN)

pipe 方法在所有 effect 和许多其他数据类型上都可用,无需导入 pipe 函数,为您节省一些按键。

示例(使用 pipe 方法)

让我们重写一个之前的例子,这次使用 pipe 方法。

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
13 collapsed lines
const
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
= (
amount: number
amount
: number) =>
amount: number
amount
+ 1
const
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
= (
total: number
total
: number,
discountRate: number
discountRate
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number,
interface Error
Error
> =>
discountRate: number
discountRate
=== 0
?
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <Error>(error: Error) => Effect.Effect<never, Error, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(new
var Error: ErrorConstructor
new (message?: string) => Error
Error
("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
total: number
total
- (
total: number
total
*
discountRate: number
discountRate
) / 100)
const
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(100))
const
const fetchDiscountRate: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchDiscountRate
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const promise: <number>(evaluate: (signal: AbortSignal) => PromiseLike<number>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that represents an asynchronous computation guaranteed to succeed.

Details

The provided function (thunk) returns a Promise that should never reject; if it does, the error will be treated as a "defect".

This defect is not a standard error but indicates a flaw in the logic that was expected to be error-free. You can think of it similar to an unexpected crash in the program, which can be further managed or logged using tools like

catchAllDefect

.

Interruptions

An optional AbortSignal can be provided to allow for interruption of the wrapped Promise API.

When to Use

Use this function when you are sure the operation will not reject.

Example (Delayed Message)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const delay = (message: string) =>
Effect.promise<string>(
() =>
new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(message)
}, 2000)
})
)
// ┌─── Effect<string, never, never>
// ▼
const program = delay("Async operation completed successfully!")

@seetryPromise for a version that can handle failures.

@since2.0.0

promise
(() =>
var Promise: PromiseConstructor

Represents the completion of an asynchronous operation

Promise
.
PromiseConstructor.resolve<number>(value: number): Promise<number> (+2 overloads)

Creates a new resolved promise for the provided value.

@paramvalue A promise.

@returnsA promise whose internal state matches the provided promise.

resolve
(5))
const
const program: Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>
program
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>], NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>], options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
([
const fetchTransactionAmount: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchTransactionAmount
,
const fetchDiscountRate: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
fetchDiscountRate
]).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<[number, number], never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<...>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<[number, number], never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, bc: (_: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>, cd: (_: Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, Error, never>): Effect.Effect<...> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <[number, number], Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>>(f: (a: [number, number]) => Effect.Effect<number, Error, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<[number, number], E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, Error | E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(([
transactionAmount: number
transactionAmount
,
discountRate: number
discountRate
]) =>
const applyDiscount: (total: number, discountRate: number) => Effect.Effect<number, Error>
applyDiscount
(
transactionAmount: number
transactionAmount
,
discountRate: number
discountRate
)
),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, number>(f: (a: number) => number) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(
const addServiceCharge: (amount: number) => number
addServiceCharge
),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const andThen: <number, string>(f: (a: number) => string) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+3 overloads)

Chains two actions, where the second action can depend on the result of the first.

Syntax

const transformedEffect = pipe(myEffect, Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))
// or
const transformedEffect = Effect.andThen(myEffect, anotherEffect)
// or
const transformedEffect = myEffect.pipe(Effect.andThen(anotherEffect))

When to Use

Use andThen when you need to run multiple actions in sequence, with the second action depending on the result of the first. This is useful for combining effects or handling computations that must happen in order.

Details

The second action can be:

  • A constant value (similar to

as

)

  • A function returning a value (similar to

map

)

  • A Promise
  • A function returning a Promise
  • An Effect
  • A function returning an Effect (similar to

flatMap

)

Note: andThen works well with both Option and Either types, treating them as effects.

Example (Applying a Discount Based on Fetched Amount)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
// Using Effect.map and Effect.flatMap
const result1 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.map((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result1).then(console.log)
// Output: 190
// Using Effect.andThen
const result2 = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
Effect.andThen((amount) => amount * 2),
Effect.andThen((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(result2).then(console.log)
// Output: 190

@since2.0.0

andThen
(
(
finalAmount: number
finalAmount
) => `Final amount to charge: ${
finalAmount: number
finalAmount
}`
)
)

让我们总结一下到目前为止看到的转换函数:

API输入输出
mapEffect<A, E, R>, A => BEffect<B, E, R>
flatMapEffect<A, E, R>, A => Effect<B, E, R>Effect<B, E, R>
andThenEffect<A, E, R>, *Effect<B, E, R>
tapEffect<A, E, R>, A => Effect<B, E, R>Effect<A, E, R>
all[Effect<A, E, R>, Effect<B, E, R>, ...]Effect<[A, B, ...], E, R>