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控制流操作符

尽管 JavaScript 提供了内置的控制流结构,但 Effect 提供了在 Effect 应用程序中有用的额外控制流函数。在本节中,我们将介绍控制执行流程的不同方法。

在处理 Effect 值时,我们可以使用标准的 JavaScript if-then-else 语句:

示例(为无效重量返回 None)

这里我们使用 Option 数据类型来表示有效值的缺失。

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
} from "effect"
// 验证重量并返回 Option 的函数
const
const validateWeightOption: (weight: number) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>>
validateWeightOption
= (
weight: number
weight
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
type Option<A> = Option.None<A> | Option.Some<A>

The Option data type represents optional values. An Option<A> can either be Some<A>, containing a value of type A, or None, representing the absence of a value.

When to Use

You can use Option in scenarios like:

  • Using it for initial values
  • Returning values from functions that are not defined for all possible inputs (referred to as “partial functions”)
  • Managing optional fields in data structures
  • Handling optional function arguments

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
<number>> => {
if (
weight: number
weight
>= 0) {
// 如果重量有效则返回 Some
return
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <Option.Option<number>>(value: Option.Option<number>) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
const some: <number>(value: number) => Option.Option<number>

Wraps the given value into an Option to represent its presence.

Example (Creating an Option with a Value)

import { Option } from "effect"
// An Option holding the number 1
//
// ┌─── Option<number>
// ▼
const value = Option.some(1)
console.log(value)
// Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }

@seenone for the opposite operation.

@since2.0.0

some
(
weight: number
weight
))
} else {
// 如果重量无效则返回 None
return
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <Option.Option<number>>(value: Option.Option<number>) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
const none: <number>() => Option.Option<number>

Represents the absence of a value by creating an empty Option.

Option.none returns an Option<never>, which is a subtype of Option<A>. This means you can use it in place of any Option<A> regardless of the type A.

Example (Creating an Option with No Value)

import { Option } from "effect"
// An Option holding no value
//
// ┌─── Option<never>
// ▼
const noValue = Option.none()
console.log(noValue)
// Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }

@seesome for the opposite operation.

@since2.0.0

none
())
}
}

示例(为无效重量返回错误)

您也可以通过使用错误通道来处理无效输入,这允许您在输入无效时返回错误:

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 验证重量或失败并返回错误的函数
const
const validateWeightOrFail: (weight: number) => Effect.Effect<number, string>
validateWeightOrFail
= (
weight: number
weight
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number, string> => {
if (
weight: number
weight
>= 0) {
// 如果有效则返回重量
return
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
weight: number
weight
)
} else {
// 如果无效则失败并返回错误
return
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <string>(error: string) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
(`negative input: ${
weight: number
weight
}`)
}
}

基于由有效谓词评估的条件执行两个 effect 中的一个。

使用 Effect.if 根据谓词 effect 是否评估为 truefalse 来运行两个 effect 中的一个。如果谓词为 true,则执行 onTrue effect。如果为 false,则执行 onFalse effect。

示例(模拟抛硬币)

在这个例子中,我们使用 Random.nextBoolean 生成随机布尔值来模拟虚拟抛硬币。如果值为 trueonTrue effect 记录”Head”。如果值为 falseonFalse effect 记录”Tail”。

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Random
Random
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const flipTheCoin: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
flipTheCoin
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
if<void, never, never, void, never, never, never, never>(self: boolean | Effect.Effect<boolean, never, never>, options: {
readonly onTrue: LazyArg<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>;
readonly onFalse: LazyArg<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>;
}): Effect.Effect<void, never, never> (+1 overload)
export if
if
(
import Random
Random
.
const nextBoolean: Effect.Effect<boolean, never, never>

Returns the next boolean value from the pseudo-random number generator.

@since2.0.0

nextBoolean
, {
onTrue: LazyArg<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>
onTrue
: () =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
("Head"), // 如果谓词为 true 则运行
onFalse: LazyArg<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>
onFalse
: () =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
("Tail") // 如果谓词为 false 则运行
})
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runFork: <void, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, options?: RunForkOptions) => RuntimeFiber<void, never>

Runs an effect in the background, returning a fiber that can be observed or interrupted.

Unless you specifically need a Promise or synchronous operation, runFork is a good default choice.

Details

This function is the foundational way to execute an effect in the background. It creates a "fiber," a lightweight, cooperative thread of execution that can be observed (to access its result), interrupted, or joined. Fibers are useful for concurrent programming and allow effects to run independently of the main program flow.

Once the effect is running in a fiber, you can monitor its progress, cancel it if necessary, or retrieve its result when it completes. If the effect fails, the fiber will propagate the failure, which you can observe and handle.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to run an effect in the background, especially if the effect is long-running or performs periodic tasks. It's suitable for tasks that need to run independently but might still need observation or management, like logging, monitoring, or scheduled tasks.

This function is ideal if you don't need the result immediately or if the effect is part of a larger concurrent workflow.

Example (Running an Effect in the Background)

import { Effect, Console, Schedule, Fiber } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const program = Effect.repeat(
Console.log("running..."),
Schedule.spaced("200 millis")
)
// ┌─── RuntimeFiber<number, never>
// ▼
const fiber = Effect.runFork(program)
setTimeout(() => {
Effect.runFork(Fiber.interrupt(fiber))
}, 500)

@since2.0.0

runFork
(
const flipTheCoin: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
flipTheCoin
)

基于布尔条件有条件地执行 effect。

Effect.when 允许您有条件地执行 effect,类似于使用 if (condition) 表达式,但具有处理 effect 的额外好处。如果条件为 true,则执行 effect;否则,什么也不做。

effect 的结果被包装在 Option<A> 中以指示是否执行了 effect。如果条件为 true,effect 的结果被包装在 Some 中。如果条件为 false,结果为 None,表示 effect 被跳过。

示例(条件 Effect 执行)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
} from "effect"
const
const validateWeightOption: (weight: number) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>>
validateWeightOption
= (
weight: number
weight
: number
):
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<
import Option

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
.
type Option<A> = Option.None<A> | Option.Some<A>

The Option data type represents optional values. An Option<A> can either be Some<A>, containing a value of type A, or None, representing the absence of a value.

When to Use

You can use Option in scenarios like:

  • Using it for initial values
  • Returning values from functions that are not defined for all possible inputs (referred to as “partial functions”)
  • Managing optional fields in data structures
  • Handling optional function arguments

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Option
<number>> =>
// 如果重量非负则有条件地执行 effect
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
weight: number
weight
).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>): Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const when: (condition: LazyArg<boolean>) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<A>, E, R> (+1 overload)

Conditionally executes an effect based on a boolean condition.

Details

This function allows you to run an effect only if a given condition evaluates to true. If the condition is true, the effect is executed, and its result is wrapped in an Option.some. If the condition is false, the effect is skipped, and the result is Option.none.

When to Use

This function is useful for scenarios where you need to dynamically decide whether to execute an effect based on runtime logic, while also representing the skipped case explicitly.

Example (Conditional Effect Execution)

import { Effect, Option } from "effect"
const validateWeightOption = (
weight: number
): Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>> =>
// Conditionally execute the effect if the weight is non-negative
Effect.succeed(weight).pipe(Effect.when(() => weight >= 0))
// Run with a valid weight
Effect.runPromise(validateWeightOption(100)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Option",
// _tag: "Some",
// value: 100
// }
// Run with an invalid weight
Effect.runPromise(validateWeightOption(-5)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Option",
// _tag: "None"
// }

@seewhenEffect for a version that allows the condition to be an effect.

@seeunless for a version that executes the effect when the condition is false.

@since2.0.0

when
(() =>
weight: number
weight
>= 0))
// 使用有效重量运行
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <Option.Option<number>, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<Option.Option<number>>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const validateWeightOption: (weight: number) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>>
validateWeightOption
(100)).
Promise<Option<number>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Option.Option<number>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
{
_id: "Option",
_tag: "Some",
value: 100
}
*/
// 使用无效重量运行
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <Option.Option<number>, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<Option.Option<number>>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const validateWeightOption: (weight: number) => Effect.Effect<Option.Option<number>>
validateWeightOption
(-5)).
Promise<Option<number>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Option.Option<number>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
{
_id: "Option",
_tag: "None"
}
*/

在这个例子中,Option 数据类型用于表示有效值的存在或缺失。如果条件评估为 true(在这种情况下,如果重量非负),则执行 effect 并包装在 Some 中。否则,结果为 None

基于另一个 effect 的结果有条件地执行 effect。

当确定是否执行 effect 的条件取决于产生布尔值的另一个 effect 的结果时,使用 Effect.whenEffect。如果条件 effect 评估为 true,则执行指定的 effect。如果评估为 false,则不执行任何 effect。

effect 的结果被包装在 Option<A> 中以指示是否执行了 effect。如果条件为 true,effect 的结果被包装在 Some 中。如果条件为 false,结果为 None,表示 effect 被跳过。

示例(使用 Effect 作为条件)

以下函数创建一个随机整数,但仅当随机生成的布尔值为 true 时。

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Random
Random
} from "effect"
const
const randomIntOption: Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never>
randomIntOption
=
import Random
Random
.
const nextInt: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Returns the next integer value from the pseudo-random number generator.

@since2.0.0

nextInt
.
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never>): Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const whenEffect: <never, never>(condition: Effect.Effect<boolean, never, never>) => <A, E2, R2>(effect: Effect.Effect<A, E2, R2>) => Effect.Effect<Option<A>, E2, R2> (+1 overload)

Conditionally executes an effect based on the result of another effect.

Details

This function allows you to run an effect only if a conditional effect evaluating to a boolean resolves to true. If the conditional effect evaluates to true, the specified effect is executed, and its result is wrapped in Option.some. If the conditional effect evaluates to false, the effect is skipped, and the result is Option.none.

When to Use

This function is particularly useful when the decision to execute an effect depends on the result of another effect, such as a random value, a user-provided input, or a network request result.

Example (Using an Effect as a Condition)

import { Effect, Random } from "effect"
const randomIntOption = Random.nextInt.pipe(
Effect.whenEffect(Random.nextBoolean)
)
console.log(Effect.runSync(randomIntOption))
// Example Output:
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 8609104974198840 }

@seewhen for a version that allows the condition to be a boolean.

@seeunlessEffect for a version that executes the effect when the condition is false.

@since2.0.0

whenEffect
(
import Random
Random
.
const nextBoolean: Effect.Effect<boolean, never, never>

Returns the next boolean value from the pseudo-random number generator.

@since2.0.0

nextBoolean
)
)
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runSync: <Option<number>, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never>) => Option<number>

Executes an effect synchronously, running it immediately and returning the result.

Details

This function evaluates the provided effect synchronously, returning its result directly. It is ideal for effects that do not fail or include asynchronous operations. If the effect does fail or involves async tasks, it will throw an error. Execution stops at the point of failure or asynchronous operation, making it unsuitable for effects that require asynchronous handling.

Important: Attempting to run effects that involve asynchronous operations or failures will result in exceptions being thrown, so use this function with care for purely synchronous and error-free effects.

When to Use

Use this function when:

  • You are sure that the effect will not fail or involve asynchronous operations.
  • You need a direct, synchronous result from the effect.
  • You are working within a context where asynchronous effects are not allowed.

Avoid using this function for effects that can fail or require asynchronous handling. For such cases, consider using

runPromise

or

runSyncExit

.

Example (Synchronous Logging)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const program = Effect.sync(() => {
console.log("Hello, World!")
return 1
})
const result = Effect.runSync(program)
// Output: Hello, World!
console.log(result)
// Output: 1

Example (Incorrect Usage with Failing or Async Effects)

import { Effect } from "effect"
try {
// Attempt to run an effect that fails
Effect.runSync(Effect.fail("my error"))
} catch (e) {
console.error(e)
}
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error
try {
// Attempt to run an effect that involves async work
Effect.runSync(Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(1)))
} catch (e) {
console.error(e)
}
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) AsyncFiberException: Fiber #0 cannot be resolved synchronously. This is caused by using runSync on an effect that performs async work

@seerunSyncExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of throwing an error.

@since2.0.0

runSync
(
const randomIntOption: Effect.Effect<Option<number>, never, never>
randomIntOption
))
/*
示例输出:
{ _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 8609104974198840 }
*/

Effect.unlessEffect.unlessEffect 函数类似于 when* 函数,但它们等同于 if (!condition) expression 构造。

将两个 effect 组合为单个 effect,产生包含两个 effect 结果的元组。

Effect.zip 函数执行第一个 effect(左侧),然后执行第二个 effect(右侧)。一旦两个 effect 都成功,它们的结果就会组合成一个元组。

示例(顺序组合两个 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
const
const task1: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task1
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(1).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, bc: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const delay: (duration: DurationInput) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+1 overload)

Delays the execution of an effect by a specified Duration.

**Details

This function postpones the execution of the provided effect by the specified duration. The duration can be provided in various formats supported by the Duration module.

Internally, this function does not block the thread; instead, it uses an efficient, non-blocking mechanism to introduce the delay.

Example

import { Console, Effect } from "effect"
const task = Console.log("Task executed")
const program = Console.log("start").pipe(
Effect.andThen(
// Delays the log message by 2 seconds
task.pipe(Effect.delay("2 seconds"))
)
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// start
// Task executed

@since2.0.0

delay
("200 millis"),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const log: (...message: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>

Logs one or more messages or error causes at the current log level.

Details

This function provides a simple way to log messages or error causes during the execution of your effects. By default, logs are recorded at the INFO level, but this can be adjusted using other logging utilities (Logger.withMinimumLogLevel). Multiple items, including Cause instances, can be logged in a single call. When logging Cause instances, detailed error information is included in the log output.

The log output includes useful metadata like the current timestamp, log level, and fiber ID, making it suitable for debugging and tracking purposes. This function does not interrupt or alter the effect's execution flow.

Example

import { Cause, Effect } from "effect"
const program = Effect.log(
"message1",
"message2",
Cause.die("Oh no!"),
Cause.die("Oh uh!")
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message=message1 message=message2 cause="Error: Oh no!
// Error: Oh uh!"

@since2.0.0

log
("task1 done"))
)
const
const task2: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
task2
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("hello").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, bc: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const delay: (duration: DurationInput) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+1 overload)

Delays the execution of an effect by a specified Duration.

**Details

This function postpones the execution of the provided effect by the specified duration. The duration can be provided in various formats supported by the Duration module.

Internally, this function does not block the thread; instead, it uses an efficient, non-blocking mechanism to introduce the delay.

Example

import { Console, Effect } from "effect"
const task = Console.log("Task executed")
const program = Console.log("start").pipe(
Effect.andThen(
// Delays the log message by 2 seconds
task.pipe(Effect.delay("2 seconds"))
)
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// start
// Task executed

@since2.0.0

delay
("100 millis"),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const log: (...message: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>

Logs one or more messages or error causes at the current log level.

Details

This function provides a simple way to log messages or error causes during the execution of your effects. By default, logs are recorded at the INFO level, but this can be adjusted using other logging utilities (Logger.withMinimumLogLevel). Multiple items, including Cause instances, can be logged in a single call. When logging Cause instances, detailed error information is included in the log output.

The log output includes useful metadata like the current timestamp, log level, and fiber ID, making it suitable for debugging and tracking purposes. This function does not interrupt or alter the effect's execution flow.

Example

import { Cause, Effect } from "effect"
const program = Effect.log(
"message1",
"message2",
Cause.die("Oh no!"),
Cause.die("Oh uh!")
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message=message1 message=message2 cause="Error: Oh no!
// Error: Oh uh!"

@since2.0.0

log
("task2 done"))
)
// 将两个 effect 组合在一起
//
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const
const program: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>
program
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const zip: <number, never, never, string, never, never>(self: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, that: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, options?: {
readonly concurrent?: boolean | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
} | undefined) => Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never> (+1 overload)

Combines two effects into a single effect, producing a tuple of their results.

Details

This function combines two effects, self and that, into one. It executes the first effect (self) and then the second effect (that), collecting their results into a tuple. Both effects must succeed for the resulting effect to succeed. If either effect fails, the entire operation fails.

By default, the effects are executed sequentially. If the concurrent option is set to true, the effects will run concurrently, potentially improving performance for independent operations.

Example (Combining Two Effects Sequentially)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const task1 = Effect.succeed(1).pipe(
Effect.delay("200 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task1 done"))
)
const task2 = Effect.succeed("hello").pipe(
Effect.delay("100 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task2 done"))
)
// Combine the two effects together
//
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const program = Effect.zip(task1, task2)
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task1 done"
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task2 done"
// [ 1, 'hello' ]

Example (Combining Two Effects Concurrently)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const task1 = Effect.succeed(1).pipe(
Effect.delay("200 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task1 done"))
)
const task2 = Effect.succeed("hello").pipe(
Effect.delay("100 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task2 done"))
)
// Run both effects concurrently using the concurrent option
const program = Effect.zip(task1, task2, { concurrent: true })
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task2 done"
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task1 done"
// [ 1, 'hello' ]

@seezipWith for a version that combines the results with a custom function.

@seevalidate for a version that accumulates errors.

@since2.0.0

zip
(
const task1: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task1
,
const task2: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
task2
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <[number, string], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<[number, string]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const program: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>
program
).
Promise<[number, string]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: [number, string]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task1 done"
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message="task2 done"
[ 1, 'hello' ]
*/

默认情况下,effect 按顺序运行。要并发运行它们,请使用 { concurrent: true } 选项。

示例(并发组合两个 Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
9 collapsed lines
const task1 = Effect.succeed(1).pipe(
Effect.delay("200 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task1 done"))
)
const task2 = Effect.succeed("hello").pipe(
Effect.delay("100 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task2 done"))
)
// 使用并发选项并发运行两个 effect
const program = Effect.zip(task1, task2, { concurrent: true })
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
/*
输出:
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#3 message="task2 done"
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#2 message="task1 done"
[ 1, 'hello' ]
*/

在这个并发版本中,两个 effect 并行运行。task2 首先完成,但两个任务都可以在完成后立即记录和处理。

顺序组合两个 effect 并对它们的结果应用函数以产生单个值。

Effect.zipWith 函数类似于 Effect.zip,但不是返回结果元组,而是对两个 effect 的结果应用提供的函数,将它们组合为单个值。

默认情况下,effect 按顺序运行。要并发运行它们,请使用 { concurrent: true } 选项。

示例(使用自定义函数组合 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
const
const task1: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task1
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(1).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, bc: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const delay: (duration: DurationInput) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+1 overload)

Delays the execution of an effect by a specified Duration.

**Details

This function postpones the execution of the provided effect by the specified duration. The duration can be provided in various formats supported by the Duration module.

Internally, this function does not block the thread; instead, it uses an efficient, non-blocking mechanism to introduce the delay.

Example

import { Console, Effect } from "effect"
const task = Console.log("Task executed")
const program = Console.log("start").pipe(
Effect.andThen(
// Delays the log message by 2 seconds
task.pipe(Effect.delay("2 seconds"))
)
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// start
// Task executed

@since2.0.0

delay
("200 millis"),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const log: (...message: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>

Logs one or more messages or error causes at the current log level.

Details

This function provides a simple way to log messages or error causes during the execution of your effects. By default, logs are recorded at the INFO level, but this can be adjusted using other logging utilities (Logger.withMinimumLogLevel). Multiple items, including Cause instances, can be logged in a single call. When logging Cause instances, detailed error information is included in the log output.

The log output includes useful metadata like the current timestamp, log level, and fiber ID, making it suitable for debugging and tracking purposes. This function does not interrupt or alter the effect's execution flow.

Example

import { Cause, Effect } from "effect"
const program = Effect.log(
"message1",
"message2",
Cause.die("Oh no!"),
Cause.die("Oh uh!")
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message=message1 message=message2 cause="Error: Oh no!
// Error: Oh uh!"

@since2.0.0

log
("task1 done"))
)
const
const task2: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
task2
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("hello").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, bc: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const delay: (duration: DurationInput) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+1 overload)

Delays the execution of an effect by a specified Duration.

**Details

This function postpones the execution of the provided effect by the specified duration. The duration can be provided in various formats supported by the Duration module.

Internally, this function does not block the thread; instead, it uses an efficient, non-blocking mechanism to introduce the delay.

Example

import { Console, Effect } from "effect"
const task = Console.log("Task executed")
const program = Console.log("start").pipe(
Effect.andThen(
// Delays the log message by 2 seconds
task.pipe(Effect.delay("2 seconds"))
)
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// start
// Task executed

@since2.0.0

delay
("100 millis"),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<A, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const log: (...message: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>

Logs one or more messages or error causes at the current log level.

Details

This function provides a simple way to log messages or error causes during the execution of your effects. By default, logs are recorded at the INFO level, but this can be adjusted using other logging utilities (Logger.withMinimumLogLevel). Multiple items, including Cause instances, can be logged in a single call. When logging Cause instances, detailed error information is included in the log output.

The log output includes useful metadata like the current timestamp, log level, and fiber ID, making it suitable for debugging and tracking purposes. This function does not interrupt or alter the effect's execution flow.

Example

import { Cause, Effect } from "effect"
const program = Effect.log(
"message1",
"message2",
Cause.die("Oh no!"),
Cause.die("Oh uh!")
)
Effect.runFork(program)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#0 message=message1 message=message2 cause="Error: Oh no!
// Error: Oh uh!"

@since2.0.0

log
("task2 done"))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const
const task3: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task3
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const zipWith: <number, never, never, string, never, never, number>(self: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, that: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, f: (a: number, b: string) => number, options?: {
readonly concurrent?: boolean | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+1 overload)

Combines two effects sequentially and applies a function to their results to produce a single value.

Details

This function runs two effects in sequence (or concurrently, if the { concurrent: true } option is provided) and combines their results using a provided function. Unlike

zip

, which returns a tuple of the results, this function processes the results with a custom function to produce a single output.

Example (Combining Effects with a Custom Function)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const task1 = Effect.succeed(1).pipe(
Effect.delay("200 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task1 done"))
)
const task2 = Effect.succeed("hello").pipe(
Effect.delay("100 millis"),
Effect.tap(Effect.log("task2 done"))
)
const task3 = Effect.zipWith(
task1,
task2,
// Combines results into a single value
(number, string) => number + string.length
)
Effect.runPromise(task3).then(console.log)
// Output:
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#3 message="task1 done"
// timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#2 message="task2 done"
// 6

@since2.0.0

zipWith
(
const task1: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task1
,
const task2: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
task2
,
// 将结果组合为单个值
(
number: number
number
,
string: string
string
) =>
number: number
number
+
string: string
string
.
String.length: number

Returns the length of a String object.

length
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const task3: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
task3
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#3 message="task1 done"
timestamp=... level=INFO fiber=#2 message="task2 done"
6
*/

Effect.loop 函数允许您使用 step 函数重复更新状态,直到 while 函数定义的条件变为 false。它将中间状态收集在数组中并将它们作为最终结果返回。

语法

Effect.loop(initial, {
while: (state) => boolean,
step: (state) => state,
body: (state) => Effect
})

这个函数类似于 JavaScript 中的 while 循环,但增加了有效计算:

let state = initial
const result = []
while (options.while(state)) {
result.push(options.body(state)) // 执行有效操作
state = options.step(state) // 更新状态
}
return result

示例(收集结果的循环)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
// 运行 5 次的循环,收集每次迭代的结果
const
const result: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
result
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const loop: <number, number, never, never>(initial: number, options: {
readonly while: (a: number) => boolean;
readonly step: (a: number) => number;
readonly body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
readonly discard?: false | undefined;
}) => Effect.Effect<number[], never, never> (+3 overloads)

Repeatedly executes a loop with a state, collecting results or discarding them based on configuration.

Details

This function performs an effectful loop, starting with an initial state and iterating as long as the while condition evaluates to true, similar to a while loop in JavaScript.

let state = initial
const result = []
while (options.while(state)) {
result.push(options.body(state)) // Perform the effectful operation
state = options.step(state) // Update the state
}
return result

During each iteration, the step function updates the state, and the body effect is executed.

The results of the body effect can be collected in an array or discarded based on the discard option.

Discarding Intermediate Results

  • If discard is false or not provided, the intermediate results are collected into an array and returned as the final result.
  • If discard is true, the intermediate results are ignored, and the effect returns void.

When to Use

This is useful for implementing loops where you need to perform effectful computations repeatedly, such as processing items in a list, generating values, or performing iterative updates.

Example (Looping with Collected Results)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// A loop that runs 5 times, collecting each iteration's result
const result = Effect.loop(
// Initial state
1,
{
// Condition to continue looping
while: (state) => state <= 5,
// State update function
step: (state) => state + 1,
// Effect to be performed on each iteration
body: (state) => Effect.succeed(state)
}
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Example (Loop with Discarded Results)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const result = Effect.loop(
// Initial state
1,
{
// Condition to continue looping
while: (state) => state <= 5,
// State update function
step: (state) => state + 1,
// Effect to be performed on each iteration
body: (state) => Console.log(`Currently at state ${state}`),
// Discard intermediate results
discard: true
}
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at state 1
// Currently at state 2
// Currently at state 3
// Currently at state 4
// Currently at state 5
// undefined

@since2.0.0

loop
(
// 初始状态
1,
{
// 继续循环的条件
while: (a: number) => boolean
while
: (
state: number
state
) =>
state: number
state
<= 5,
// 状态更新函数
step: (a: number) => number
step
: (
state: number
state
) =>
state: number
state
+ 1,
// 每次迭代要执行的 effect
body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
body
: (
state: number
state
) =>
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
state: number
state
)
}
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number[], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number[]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
result
).
Promise<number[]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number[]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
// 输出:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

在这个例子中,循环从状态 1 开始,继续直到状态超过 5。每个状态递增 1 并收集到数组中,成为最终结果。

discard 选项设置为 true 时,将丢弃每个有效操作的结果,返回 void 而不是数组。

示例(丢弃结果的循环)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const result: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
result
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const loop: <number, void, never, never>(initial: number, options: {
readonly while: (a: number) => boolean;
readonly step: (a: number) => number;
readonly body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>;
readonly discard: true;
}) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never> (+3 overloads)

Repeatedly executes a loop with a state, collecting results or discarding them based on configuration.

Details

This function performs an effectful loop, starting with an initial state and iterating as long as the while condition evaluates to true, similar to a while loop in JavaScript.

let state = initial
const result = []
while (options.while(state)) {
result.push(options.body(state)) // Perform the effectful operation
state = options.step(state) // Update the state
}
return result

During each iteration, the step function updates the state, and the body effect is executed.

The results of the body effect can be collected in an array or discarded based on the discard option.

Discarding Intermediate Results

  • If discard is false or not provided, the intermediate results are collected into an array and returned as the final result.
  • If discard is true, the intermediate results are ignored, and the effect returns void.

When to Use

This is useful for implementing loops where you need to perform effectful computations repeatedly, such as processing items in a list, generating values, or performing iterative updates.

Example (Looping with Collected Results)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// A loop that runs 5 times, collecting each iteration's result
const result = Effect.loop(
// Initial state
1,
{
// Condition to continue looping
while: (state) => state <= 5,
// State update function
step: (state) => state + 1,
// Effect to be performed on each iteration
body: (state) => Effect.succeed(state)
}
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Example (Loop with Discarded Results)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const result = Effect.loop(
// Initial state
1,
{
// Condition to continue looping
while: (state) => state <= 5,
// State update function
step: (state) => state + 1,
// Effect to be performed on each iteration
body: (state) => Console.log(`Currently at state ${state}`),
// Discard intermediate results
discard: true
}
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at state 1
// Currently at state 2
// Currently at state 3
// Currently at state 4
// Currently at state 5
// undefined

@since2.0.0

loop
(
// 初始状态
1,
{
// 继续循环的条件
while: (a: number) => boolean
while
: (
state: number
state
) =>
state: number
state
<= 5,
// 状态更新函数
step: (a: number) => number
step
: (
state: number
state
) =>
state: number
state
+ 1,
// 每次迭代要执行的 effect
body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
body
: (
state: number
state
) =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
(`Currently at state ${
state: number
state
}`),
// 丢弃中间结果
discard: true
discard
: true
}
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <void, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<void>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
result
).
Promise<void>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: void) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Currently at state 1
Currently at state 2
Currently at state 3
Currently at state 4
Currently at state 5
undefined
*/

在这个例子中,循环在每次迭代时执行记录当前索引的副作用,但它丢弃所有中间结果。最终结果是 undefined

Effect.iterate 函数让您通过有效操作重复更新状态。它运行 body effect 在每次迭代中更新状态,并在 while 条件评估为 true 时继续。

语法

Effect.iterate(initial, {
while: (result) => boolean,
body: (result) => Effect
})

这个函数类似于 JavaScript 中的 while 循环,但增加了有效计算:

let result = initial
while (options.while(result)) {
result = options.body(result)
}
return result

示例(有效迭代)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
} from "effect"
const
const result: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
result
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const iterate: <number, never, never>(initial: number, options: {
readonly while: Predicate<number>;
readonly body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
}) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+1 overload)

Repeatedly updates a state through an effectful operation until a condition is no longer met.

Details

This function provides a way to implement effectful loops, similar to a while loop in JavaScript.

let result = initial
while (options.while(result)) {
result = options.body(result)
}
return result

It starts with an initial state, checks a condition (while), and executes a body operation to update the state if the condition evaluates to true. The process repeats until the condition returns false.

The state is passed between iterations, allowing the body operation to modify it dynamically. The final state after the loop ends is returned as the result of the effect.

When to Use

This is particularly useful for scenarios where looping logic involves asynchronous or side-effectful operations, such as polling or iterative computations that depend on external factors.

Example (Effectful Iteration)

import { Effect } from "effect"
const result = Effect.iterate(
// Initial result
1,
{
// Condition to continue iterating
while: (result) => result <= 5,
// Operation to change the result
body: (result) => Effect.succeed(result + 1)
}
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output: 6

@since2.0.0

iterate
(
// 初始结果
1,
{
// 继续迭代的条件
while: Predicate<number>
while
: (
result: number
result
) =>
result: number
result
<= 5,
// 改变结果的操作
body: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
body
: (
result: number
result
) =>
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
result: number
result
+ 1)
}
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
result
).
Promise<number>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
// 输出:6

Iterable 中的每个元素执行有效操作。

Effect.forEach 函数对可迭代对象中的每个元素应用提供的操作,产生返回结果数组的新 effect。如果任何 effect 失败,迭代立即停止(短路),错误被传播。

concurrency 选项控制并发执行多少操作。默认情况下,操作按顺序执行。

示例(对可迭代元素应用 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const result: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
result
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const forEach: <number, never, never, number[]>(self: number[], f: (a: number, i: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, options?: {
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: false | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
} | undefined) => Effect.Effect<number[], never, never> (+3 overloads)

Executes an effectful operation for each element in an Iterable.

Details

This function applies a provided operation to each element in the iterable, producing a new effect that returns an array of results.

If any effect fails, the iteration stops immediately (short-circuiting), and the error is propagated.

Concurrency

The concurrency option controls how many operations are performed concurrently. By default, the operations are performed sequentially.

Discarding Results

If the discard option is set to true, the intermediate results are not collected, and the final result of the operation is void.

Example (Applying Effects to Iterable Elements)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const result = Effect.forEach([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (n, index) =>
Console.log(`Currently at index ${index}`).pipe(Effect.as(n * 2))
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at index 0
// Currently at index 1
// Currently at index 2
// Currently at index 3
// Currently at index 4
// [ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]

Example (Discarding Results)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
// Apply effects but discard the results
const result = Effect.forEach(
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
(n, index) =>
Console.log(`Currently at index ${index}`).pipe(Effect.as(n * 2)),
{ discard: true }
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at index 0
// Currently at index 1
// Currently at index 2
// Currently at index 3
// Currently at index 4
// undefined

@seeall for combining multiple effects into one.

@since2.0.0

forEach
([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (
n: number
n
,
index: number
index
) =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
(`Currently at index ${
index: number
index
}`).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const as: <number>(value: number) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+1 overload)

Replaces the value inside an effect with a constant value.

Details

This function allows you to ignore the original value inside an effect and replace it with a constant value.

When to Use

It is useful when you no longer need the value produced by an effect but want to ensure that the effect completes successfully with a specific constant result instead. For instance, you can replace the value produced by a computation with a predefined value, ignoring what was calculated before.

Example (Replacing a Value)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Replaces the value 5 with the constant "new value"
const program = pipe(Effect.succeed(5), Effect.as("new value"))
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
// Output: "new value"

@since2.0.0

as
(
n: number
n
* 2))
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number[], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number[]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
result
).
Promise<number[]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number[]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Currently at index 0
Currently at index 1
Currently at index 2
Currently at index 3
Currently at index 4
[ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]
*/

在这个例子中,我们遍历数组 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],应用记录当前索引的 effect。Effect.as(n * 2) 操作转换每个值,结果为数组 [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]。最终输出是收集所有转换值的结果。

discard 选项设置为 true 时,将丢弃每个有效操作的结果,返回 void 而不是数组。

示例(使用 discard 忽略结果)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
// 应用 effect 但丢弃结果
const
const result: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
result
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const forEach: <number, number, never, never>(self: Iterable<number>, f: (a: number, i: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, options: {
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard: true;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never> (+3 overloads)

Executes an effectful operation for each element in an Iterable.

Details

This function applies a provided operation to each element in the iterable, producing a new effect that returns an array of results.

If any effect fails, the iteration stops immediately (short-circuiting), and the error is propagated.

Concurrency

The concurrency option controls how many operations are performed concurrently. By default, the operations are performed sequentially.

Discarding Results

If the discard option is set to true, the intermediate results are not collected, and the final result of the operation is void.

Example (Applying Effects to Iterable Elements)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const result = Effect.forEach([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (n, index) =>
Console.log(`Currently at index ${index}`).pipe(Effect.as(n * 2))
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at index 0
// Currently at index 1
// Currently at index 2
// Currently at index 3
// Currently at index 4
// [ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]

Example (Discarding Results)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
// Apply effects but discard the results
const result = Effect.forEach(
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
(n, index) =>
Console.log(`Currently at index ${index}`).pipe(Effect.as(n * 2)),
{ discard: true }
)
Effect.runPromise(result).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Currently at index 0
// Currently at index 1
// Currently at index 2
// Currently at index 3
// Currently at index 4
// undefined

@seeall for combining multiple effects into one.

@since2.0.0

forEach
(
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
(
n: number
n
,
index: number
index
) =>
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
(`Currently at index ${
index: number
index
}`).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const as: <number>(value: number) => <A, E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<A, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+1 overload)

Replaces the value inside an effect with a constant value.

Details

This function allows you to ignore the original value inside an effect and replace it with a constant value.

When to Use

It is useful when you no longer need the value produced by an effect but want to ensure that the effect completes successfully with a specific constant result instead. For instance, you can replace the value produced by a computation with a predefined value, ignoring what was calculated before.

Example (Replacing a Value)

import { pipe, Effect } from "effect"
// Replaces the value 5 with the constant "new value"
const program = pipe(Effect.succeed(5), Effect.as("new value"))
Effect.runPromise(program).then(console.log)
// Output: "new value"

@since2.0.0

as
(
n: number
n
* 2)),
{
discard: true
discard
: true }
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <void, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<void>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const result: Effect.Effect<void, never, never>
result
).
Promise<void>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: void) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Currently at index 0
Currently at index 1
Currently at index 2
Currently at index 3
Currently at index 4
undefined
*/

在这种情况下,effect 仍然为每个元素运行,但结果被丢弃,所以最终输出是 undefined

将多个 effect 组合为一个,根据输入结构返回结果。

当您需要运行多个 effect 并将它们的结果组合为单个输出时,使用 Effect.all。它支持元组、可迭代对象、结构和记录,使其对不同的输入类型具有灵活性。

如果任何 effect 失败,它会停止执行(短路)并传播错误。要改变这种行为,您可以使用 mode 选项,它允许所有 effect 运行并将结果收集为 EitherOption

您可以使用并发选项控制执行顺序(例如,顺序与并发)。

例如,如果输入是元组:

// ┌─── effect 的元组
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

effect 按顺序执行,结果是包含结果作为元组的新 effect。元组中的结果与传递给 Effect.all 的 effect 的顺序匹配。

让我们探索不同类型结构的示例:元组、可迭代对象、对象和记录。

示例(在元组中组合 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const tupleOfEffects: readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>]
tupleOfEffects
= [
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(42).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Hello").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
] as
type const = readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>]
const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const
const resultsAsTuple: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>
resultsAsTuple
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>], NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>], options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const tupleOfEffects: readonly [Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>]
tupleOfEffects
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <[number, string], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<[number, string]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const resultsAsTuple: Effect.Effect<[number, string], never, never>
resultsAsTuple
).
Promise<[number, string]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: [number, string]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
42
Hello
[ 42, 'Hello' ]
*/

示例(在可迭代对象中组合 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>
iterableOfEffects
:
interface Iterable<T, TReturn = any, TNext = any>
Iterable
<
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number>> = [1, 2, 3].
Array<number>.map<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(callbackfn: (value: number, index: number, array: number[]) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, thisArg?: any): Effect.Effect<number, never, never>[]

Calls a defined callback function on each element of an array, and returns an array that contains the results.

@paramcallbackfn A function that accepts up to three arguments. The map method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.

@paramthisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the callbackfn function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.

map
(
(
n: number
n
) =>
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(
n: number
n
).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const
const resultsAsArray: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
resultsAsArray
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <Iterable<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>, NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>, options?: NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>
iterableOfEffects
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <number[], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<number[]>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const resultsAsArray: Effect.Effect<number[], never, never>
resultsAsArray
).
Promise<number[]>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: number[]) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
1
2
3
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
*/

示例(在结构中组合 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const structOfEffects: {
a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
b: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}
structOfEffects
= {
a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
a
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(42).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
b: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>
b
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Hello").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const
const resultsAsStruct: Effect.Effect<{
a: number;
b: string;
}, never, never>
resultsAsStruct
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <{
a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
b: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}, NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: {
a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
b: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}, options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const structOfEffects: {
a: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>;
b: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>;
}
structOfEffects
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <{
a: number;
b: string;
}, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<{
a: number;
b: string;
}, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<{
a: number;
b: string;
}>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const resultsAsStruct: Effect.Effect<{
a: number;
b: string;
}, never, never>
resultsAsStruct
).
Promise<{ a: number; b: string; }>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: {
a: number;
b: string;
}) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
42
Hello
{ a: 42, b: 'Hello' }
*/

示例(在记录中组合 Effect)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>
recordOfEffects
:
type Record<K extends keyof any, T> = { [P in K]: T; }

Construct a type with a set of properties K of type T

Record
<string,
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
interface Effect<out A, out E = never, out R = never>

The Effect interface defines a value that describes a workflow or job, which can succeed or fail.

Details

The Effect interface represents a computation that can model a workflow involving various types of operations, such as synchronous, asynchronous, concurrent, and parallel interactions. It operates within a context of type R, and the result can either be a success with a value of type A or a failure with an error of type E. The Effect is designed to handle complex interactions with external resources, offering advanced features such as fiber-based concurrency, scheduling, interruption handling, and scalability. This makes it suitable for tasks that require fine-grained control over concurrency and error management.

To execute an Effect value, you need a Runtime, which provides the environment necessary to run and manage the computation.

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
<number>> = {
key1: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
key1
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(1).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
key2: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>
key2
:
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <number>(value: number) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
(2).
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<number, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<number, never, never>): Effect.Effect<number, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <number, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: number) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<number, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<number, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const
const resultsAsRecord: Effect.Effect<{
[x: string]: number;
}, never, never>
resultsAsRecord
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <Record<string, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>, NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>, options?: NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number, never, never>>
recordOfEffects
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromise: <{
[x: string]: number;
}, never>(effect: Effect.Effect<{
[x: string]: number;
}, never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal | undefined;
} | undefined) => Promise<{
[x: string]: number;
}>

Executes an effect and returns the result as a Promise.

Details

This function runs an effect and converts its result into a Promise. If the effect succeeds, the Promise will resolve with the successful result. If the effect fails, the Promise will reject with an error, which includes the failure details of the effect.

The optional options parameter allows you to pass an AbortSignal for cancellation, enabling more fine-grained control over asynchronous tasks.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to execute an effect and work with its result in a promise-based system, such as when integrating with third-party libraries that expect Promise results.

Example (Running a Successful Effect as a Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output: 1

Example (Handling a Failing Effect as a Rejected Promise)

import { Effect } from "effect"
Effect.runPromise(Effect.fail("my error")).catch(console.error)
// Output:
// (FiberFailure) Error: my error

@seerunPromiseExit for a version that returns an Exit type instead of rejecting.

@since2.0.0

runPromise
(
const resultsAsRecord: Effect.Effect<{
[x: string]: number;
}, never, never>
resultsAsRecord
).
Promise<{ [x: string]: number; }>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: {
[x: string]: number;
}) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
1
2
{ key1: 1, key2: 2 }
*/

Effect.all 函数在遇到第一个错误时停止执行,这称为”短路”。如果集合中的任何 effect 失败,剩余的 effect 将不会运行,错误将被传播。

示例(在第一次失败时退出)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const program: Effect.Effect<[string, never, string], string, never>
program
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <readonly [Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>], NoExcessProperties<{
readonly concurrency?: Concurrency | undefined;
readonly batching?: boolean | "inherit" | undefined;
readonly discard?: boolean | undefined;
readonly mode?: "default" | "validate" | "either" | undefined;
readonly concurrentFinalizers?: boolean | undefined;
}, unknown>>(arg: readonly [Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, Effect.Effect<...>], options?: NoExcessProperties<...> | undefined) => Effect.Effect<...>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
([
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task1").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <string>(error: string) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
("Task2: Oh no!").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, Effect.Effect<never, string, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>): Effect.Effect<never, string, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <never, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: never) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<never, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<never, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
// 由于之前的失败不会执行
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task3").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
])
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromiseExit: <[string, never, string], string>(effect: Effect.Effect<[string, never, string], string, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
} | undefined) => Promise<Exit<[string, never, string], string>>

Runs an effect and returns a Promise that resolves to an Exit, representing the outcome.

Details

This function executes an effect and resolves to an Exit object. The Exit type provides detailed information about the result of the effect:

  • If the effect succeeds, the Exit will be of type Success and include the value produced by the effect.
  • If the effect fails, the Exit will be of type Failure and contain a Cause object, detailing the failure.

Using this function allows you to examine both successful results and failure cases in a unified way, while still leveraging Promise for handling the asynchronous behavior of the effect.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to understand the outcome of an effect, whether it succeeded or failed, and want to work with this result using Promise syntax. This is particularly useful when integrating with systems that rely on promises but need more detailed error handling than a simple rejection.

Example (Handling Results as Exit)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Execute a successful effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Success",
// value: 1
// }
// Execute a failing effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.fail("my error")).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Failure",
// cause: {
// _id: "Cause",
// _tag: "Fail",
// failure: "my error"
// }
// }

@since2.0.0

runPromiseExit
(
const program: Effect.Effect<[string, never, string], string, never>
program
).
Promise<Exit<[string, never, string], string>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Exit<[string, never, string], string>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Task1
{
_id: 'Exit',
_tag: 'Failure',
cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
}
*/

您可以通过使用 mode 选项来覆盖此行为。

{ mode: "either" } 选项改变 Effect.all 的行为,确保所有 effect 都运行,即使有些失败。这种模式不是在第一次失败时停止,而是收集成功和失败,返回 Either 实例数组,其中每个结果要么是 Right(成功)要么是 Left(失败)。

示例(使用 mode: "either" 收集结果)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const effects: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[]
effects
= [
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task1").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <string>(error: string) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
("Task2: Oh no!").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, Effect.Effect<never, string, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>): Effect.Effect<never, string, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <never, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: never) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<never, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<never, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task3").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
]
const
const program: Effect.Effect<Either<string, string>[], never, never>
program
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <(Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[], {
mode: "either";
}>(arg: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[], options?: {
mode: "either";
} | undefined) => Effect.Effect<Either<string, string>[], never, never>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const effects: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[]
effects
, {
mode: "either"
mode
: "either" }
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromiseExit: <Either<string, string>[], never>(effect: Effect.Effect<Either<string, string>[], never, never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
} | undefined) => Promise<Exit<Either<string, string>[], never>>

Runs an effect and returns a Promise that resolves to an Exit, representing the outcome.

Details

This function executes an effect and resolves to an Exit object. The Exit type provides detailed information about the result of the effect:

  • If the effect succeeds, the Exit will be of type Success and include the value produced by the effect.
  • If the effect fails, the Exit will be of type Failure and contain a Cause object, detailing the failure.

Using this function allows you to examine both successful results and failure cases in a unified way, while still leveraging Promise for handling the asynchronous behavior of the effect.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to understand the outcome of an effect, whether it succeeded or failed, and want to work with this result using Promise syntax. This is particularly useful when integrating with systems that rely on promises but need more detailed error handling than a simple rejection.

Example (Handling Results as Exit)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Execute a successful effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Success",
// value: 1
// }
// Execute a failing effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.fail("my error")).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Failure",
// cause: {
// _id: "Cause",
// _tag: "Fail",
// failure: "my error"
// }
// }

@since2.0.0

runPromiseExit
(
const program: Effect.Effect<Either<string, string>[], never, never>
program
).
Promise<Exit<Either<string, string>[], never>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Exit<Either<string, string>[], never>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
(
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
)
/*
输出:
Task1
Task3
{
_id: 'Exit',
_tag: 'Success',
value: [
{ _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
{ _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
{ _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
]
}
*/

类似地,{ mode: "validate" } 选项使用 Option 来指示成功或失败。每个 effect 成功时返回 None,失败时返回包含错误的 Some

示例(使用 mode: "validate" 收集结果)

import {
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
,
import Console
Console
} from "effect"
const
const effects: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[]
effects
= [
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task1").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const fail: <string>(error: string) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>

Creates an Effect that represents a recoverable error.

When to Use

Use this function to explicitly signal an error in an Effect. The error will keep propagating unless it is handled. You can handle the error with functions like

catchAll

or

catchTag

.

Example (Creating a Failed Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// ┌─── Effect<never, Error, never>
// ▼
const failure = Effect.fail(
new Error("Operation failed due to network error")
)

@seesucceed to create an effect that represents a successful value.

@since2.0.0

fail
("Task2: Oh no!").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, Effect.Effect<never, string, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<never, string, never>) => Effect.Effect<never, string, never>): Effect.Effect<never, string, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <never, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: never) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<never, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<never, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
)),
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const succeed: <string>(value: string) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>

Creates an Effect that always succeeds with a given value.

When to Use

Use this function when you need an effect that completes successfully with a specific value without any errors or external dependencies.

Example (Creating a Successful Effect)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Creating an effect that represents a successful scenario
//
// ┌─── Effect<number, never, never>
// ▼
const success = Effect.succeed(42)

@seefail to create an effect that represents a failure.

@since2.0.0

succeed
("Task3").
Pipeable.pipe<Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, Effect.Effect<string, never, never>>(this: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>, ab: (_: Effect.Effect<string, never, never>) => Effect.Effect<string, never, never>): Effect.Effect<string, never, never> (+21 overloads)
pipe
(
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const tap: <string, Effect.Effect<void, never, never>>(f: (a: string) => Effect.Effect<void, never, never>) => <E, R>(self: Effect.Effect<string, E, R>) => Effect.Effect<string, E, R> (+7 overloads)

Runs a side effect with the result of an effect without changing the original value.

Details

This function works similarly to flatMap, but it ignores the result of the function passed to it. The value from the previous effect remains available for the next part of the chain. Note that if the side effect fails, the entire chain will fail too.

When to Use

Use this function when you want to perform a side effect, like logging or tracking, without modifying the main value. This is useful when you need to observe or record an action but want the original value to be passed to the next step.

Example (Logging a step in a pipeline)

import { Console, Effect, pipe } from "effect"
// Function to apply a discount safely to a transaction amount
const applyDiscount = (
total: number,
discountRate: number
): Effect.Effect<number, Error> =>
discountRate === 0
? Effect.fail(new Error("Discount rate cannot be zero"))
: Effect.succeed(total - (total * discountRate) / 100)
// Simulated asynchronous task to fetch a transaction amount from database
const fetchTransactionAmount = Effect.promise(() => Promise.resolve(100))
const finalAmount = pipe(
fetchTransactionAmount,
// Log the fetched transaction amount
Effect.tap((amount) => Console.log(`Apply a discount to: ${amount}`)),
// `amount` is still available!
Effect.flatMap((amount) => applyDiscount(amount, 5))
)
Effect.runPromise(finalAmount).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Apply a discount to: 100
// 95

@seeflatMap for a version that allows you to change the value.

@since2.0.0

tap
(
import Console
Console
.
const log: (...args: ReadonlyArray<any>) => Effect.Effect<void>

@since2.0.0

log
))
]
const
const program: Effect.Effect<string[], Option<string>[], never>
program
=
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const all: <(Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[], {
mode: "validate";
}>(arg: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[], options?: {
mode: "validate";
} | undefined) => Effect.Effect<string[], Option<string>[], never>

Combines multiple effects into one, returning results based on the input structure.

Details

Use this function when you need to run multiple effects and combine their results into a single output. It supports tuples, iterables, structs, and records, making it flexible for different input types.

For instance, if the input is a tuple:

// ┌─── a tuple of effects
// ▼
Effect.all([effect1, effect2, ...])

the effects are executed sequentially, and the result is a new effect containing the results as a tuple. The results in the tuple match the order of the effects passed to Effect.all.

Concurrency

You can control the execution order (e.g., sequential vs. concurrent) using the concurrency option.

Short-Circuiting Behavior

This function stops execution on the first error it encounters, this is called "short-circuiting". If any effect in the collection fails, the remaining effects will not run, and the error will be propagated. To change this behavior, you can use the mode option, which allows all effects to run and collect results as Either or Option.

The mode option

The { mode: "either" } option changes the behavior of Effect.all to ensure all effects run, even if some fail. Instead of stopping on the first failure, this mode collects both successes and failures, returning an array of Either instances where each result is either a Right (success) or a Left (failure).

Similarly, the { mode: "validate" } option uses Option to indicate success or failure. Each effect returns None for success and Some with the error for failure.

Example (Combining Effects in Tuples)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const tupleOfEffects = [
Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
] as const
// ┌─── Effect<[number, string], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsTuple = Effect.all(tupleOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsTuple).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// [ 42, 'Hello' ]

Example (Combining Effects in Iterables)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const iterableOfEffects: Iterable<Effect.Effect<number>> = [1, 2, 3].map(
(n) => Effect.succeed(n).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
)
// ┌─── Effect<number[], never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsArray = Effect.all(iterableOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsArray).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// [ 1, 2, 3 ]

Example (Combining Effects in Structs)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const structOfEffects = {
a: Effect.succeed(42).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
b: Effect.succeed("Hello").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ a: number; b: string; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsStruct = Effect.all(structOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsStruct).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 42
// Hello
// { a: 42, b: 'Hello' }

Example (Combining Effects in Records)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const recordOfEffects: Record<string, Effect.Effect<number>> = {
key1: Effect.succeed(1).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
key2: Effect.succeed(2).pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
}
// ┌─── Effect<{ [x: string]: number; }, never, never>
// ▼
const resultsAsRecord = Effect.all(recordOfEffects)
Effect.runPromise(resultsAsRecord).then(console.log)
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// { key1: 1, key2: 2 }

Example (Short-Circuiting Behavior)

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const program = Effect.all([
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
// Won't execute due to earlier failure
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
])
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: { _id: 'Cause', _tag: 'Fail', failure: 'Task2: Oh no!' }
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "either")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "either" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then(console.log)
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Success',
// value: [
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task1' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Left', left: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Either', _tag: 'Right', right: 'Task3' }
// ]
// }

Example (Collecting Results with mode: "validate")

import { Effect, Console } from "effect"
const effects = [
Effect.succeed("Task1").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.fail("Task2: Oh no!").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log)),
Effect.succeed("Task3").pipe(Effect.tap(Console.log))
]
const program = Effect.all(effects, { mode: "validate" })
Effect.runPromiseExit(program).then((result) => console.log("%o", result))
// Output:
// Task1
// Task3
// {
// _id: 'Exit',
// _tag: 'Failure',
// cause: {
// _id: 'Cause',
// _tag: 'Fail',
// failure: [
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
// { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
// ]
// }
// }

@seeforEach for iterating over elements and applying an effect.

@seeallWith for a data-last version of this function.

@since2.0.0

all
(
const effects: (Effect.Effect<string, never, never> | Effect.Effect<never, string, never>)[]
effects
, {
mode: "validate"
mode
: "validate" }
)
import Effect

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

@since2.0.0

Effect
.
const runPromiseExit: <string[], Option<string>[]>(effect: Effect.Effect<string[], Option<string>[], never>, options?: {
readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
} | undefined) => Promise<Exit<string[], Option<string>[]>>

Runs an effect and returns a Promise that resolves to an Exit, representing the outcome.

Details

This function executes an effect and resolves to an Exit object. The Exit type provides detailed information about the result of the effect:

  • If the effect succeeds, the Exit will be of type Success and include the value produced by the effect.
  • If the effect fails, the Exit will be of type Failure and contain a Cause object, detailing the failure.

Using this function allows you to examine both successful results and failure cases in a unified way, while still leveraging Promise for handling the asynchronous behavior of the effect.

When to Use

Use this function when you need to understand the outcome of an effect, whether it succeeded or failed, and want to work with this result using Promise syntax. This is particularly useful when integrating with systems that rely on promises but need more detailed error handling than a simple rejection.

Example (Handling Results as Exit)

import { Effect } from "effect"
// Execute a successful effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.succeed(1)).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Success",
// value: 1
// }
// Execute a failing effect and get the Exit result as a Promise
Effect.runPromiseExit(Effect.fail("my error")).then(console.log)
// Output:
// {
// _id: "Exit",
// _tag: "Failure",
// cause: {
// _id: "Cause",
// _tag: "Fail",
// failure: "my error"
// }
// }

@since2.0.0

runPromiseExit
(
const program: Effect.Effect<string[], Option<string>[], never>
program
).
Promise<Exit<string[], Option<string>[]>>.then<void, never>(onfulfilled?: ((value: Exit<string[], Option<string>[]>) => void | PromiseLike<void>) | null | undefined, onrejected?: ((reason: any) => PromiseLike<never>) | null | undefined): Promise<void>

Attaches callbacks for the resolution and/or rejection of the Promise.

@paramonfulfilled The callback to execute when the Promise is resolved.

@paramonrejected The callback to execute when the Promise is rejected.

@returnsA Promise for the completion of which ever callback is executed.

then
((
result: Exit<string[], Option<string>[]>
result
) =>
var console: Console

The console module provides a simple debugging console that is similar to the JavaScript console mechanism provided by web browsers.

The module exports two specific components:

  • A Console class with methods such as console.log(), console.error() and console.warn() that can be used to write to any Node.js stream.
  • A global console instance configured to write to process.stdout and process.stderr. The global console can be used without importing the node:console module.

Warning: The global console object's methods are neither consistently synchronous like the browser APIs they resemble, nor are they consistently asynchronous like all other Node.js streams. See the note on process I/O for more information.

Example using the global console:

console.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to stdout
console.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints error message and stack trace to stderr:
// Error: Whoops, something bad happened
// at [eval]:5:15
// at Script.runInThisContext (node:vm:132:18)
// at Object.runInThisContext (node:vm:309:38)
// at node:internal/process/execution:77:19
// at [eval]-wrapper:6:22
// at evalScript (node:internal/process/execution:76:60)
// at node:internal/main/eval_string:23:3
const name = 'Will Robinson';
console.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to stderr

Example using the Console class:

const out = getStreamSomehow();
const err = getStreamSomehow();
const myConsole = new console.Console(out, err);
myConsole.log('hello world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.log('hello %s', 'world');
// Prints: hello world, to out
myConsole.error(new Error('Whoops, something bad happened'));
// Prints: [Error: Whoops, something bad happened], to err
const name = 'Will Robinson';
myConsole.warn(`Danger ${name}! Danger!`);
// Prints: Danger Will Robinson! Danger!, to err

@seesource

console
.
globalThis.Console.log(message?: any, ...optionalParams: any[]): void

Prints to stdout with newline. Multiple arguments can be passed, with the first used as the primary message and all additional used as substitution values similar to printf(3) (the arguments are all passed to util.format()).

const count = 5;
console.log('count: %d', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout
console.log('count:', count);
// Prints: count: 5, to stdout

See util.format() for more information.

@sincev0.1.100

log
("%o",
result: Exit<string[], Option<string>[]>
result
))
/*
输出:
Task1
Task3
{
_id: 'Exit',
_tag: 'Failure',
cause: {
_id: 'Cause',
_tag: 'Fail',
failure: [
{ _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' },
{ _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Task2: Oh no!' },
{ _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
]
}
}
*/